Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (
18 February 1609–9 December 1674) was an
English historian, statesman and grandfather of two British monarchs,
Mary II and
Queen Anne.
Hyde was the third son of Henry Hyde of
Dinton and
Purton, Wiltshire, a member of a family for some time established at
Norbury, Cheshire. He entered
Magdalen Hall, Oxford, (now
Hertford College, Oxford, where his portrait hangs in the hall) in 1622, having been rejected by
Magdalen College, and graduated BA in 1626. Intended originally for holy orders in the Church of England, the death of two elder brothers made him his father's heir, and in 1625 he entered the
Middle Temple to study law. His abilities were more conspicuous than his industry, and at the bar his time was devoted more to general reading and to the society of eminent scholars and writers than to the study of
law treatises.
This time was not wasted. In later years Clarendon declared "next the immediate blessing and providence of God Almighty" that he "owed all the little he knew and the little good that was in him to the friendships and conversation...of the most excellent men in their several kinds that lived in that age." These included
Ben Jonson, Selden, Waller, Hales, and especially
Lord Falkland; and from their influence and the wide reading in which he indulged, he doubtless drew the solid learning and literary talent which afterwards distinguished him.
In 1629 he married his first wife, Anne, daughter of Sir George Ayliffe of
Grittenham, who died six months afterwards; and secondly, in 1634,
Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury,
Master of Requests. From this second marriage came a daughter,
Anne. In 1633 he was called to the bar, and obtained quickly a good position and practice. His marriages had gained for him influential friends, and in December 1634 he was made keeper of the writs and rolls of the common pleas; while his able conduct of the petition of the London merchants against Portland earned
Laud's approval.
In 1640 Hyde was returned to the
Short Parliament and then again in the
Long Parliament, he was at first a moderate critic of King
Charles I, but gradually moved over towards the royalist side, championing the
Church of England and opposing the execution of the
Earl of Strafford, Charles's primary advisor. Following the
Grand Remonstrance of 1641, Hyde became an informal advisor to the King.
During the Civil War, Hyde served in the King's council as
Chancellor of the Exchequer, and was one of the more moderate figures in the royalist camp. By 1645 his moderation had alienated him from the King, and he was made guardian to the
Prince of Wales, with whom he fled to
Jersey in 1646.
Hyde was not closely involved with
Charles II's attempts to regain the throne in 1649 to 1651. It was during this period that Hyde began to write his great history of the Civil War. Hyde rejoined the exiled king in the latter year, and soon became his chief advisor; Charles named him
Lord Chancellor in 1658. On the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, he returned to England with the King and became even closer to the
royal family through the marriage of his daughter,
Anne, to the king's brother
James, Duke of York, the heir-presumptive. Their two daughters,
Mary II and
Anne would each one day reign in their own right.
In 1660, Hyde was raised to the peerage as Baron Hyde, of
Hindon in the County of Wiltshire, and the next year was created Viscount Cornbury and Earl of Clarendon. He served as Chancellor of the
University of Oxford from 1660-1667.
As Lord Chancellor, it is commonly thought that Clarendon was the author of the "
Clarendon Code", designed to preserve the supremacy of the
Church of England. However, he was not very heavily involved with the drafting and actually disapproved of much of its content. It was merely named after him, as he was a chief minister.
In 1663, the Earl of Clarendon was one of eight Lords Proprietors given title to a huge tract of land in
North America which became the
Province of Carolina. However, he began to fall out of favour with the king, and the military setbacks of the
Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665 to 1667 led to his downfall. Clarendon was impeached, in part, for blatant violations of
habeas corpus; sending prisoners out of England to places like Jersey, and holding them there without the benefit of trial. He was impeached by the House of Commons, and forced to flee to France in November, 1667.
He spent the rest of his life in exile, working on the
History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, his classic account of the
English Civil War. (The proceeds from this book's publication were instrumental in building the
Clarendon Building at Oxford.) He died in
Rouen on
9 December 1674. Shortly after his death, his body was returned to England, and he is buried in
Westminster Abbey.
Clarendon's sons,
Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, and
Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, were major political figures in their own right. Clarendon's two cousins, Richard Rigby, Secretary of Jamaica and his son,
Richard Rigby, Chief Secretary of Ireland and Paymaster of the Army, were also successful politicians in the succeeding generations.
His daughter
Lady Anne Hyde married the future
James VII of Scotland and II of England, and was the mother of two queens regnant -
Mary II of England and
Anne of England 
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