John Scholasticus (died
August 31, 577) was the 32nd
patriarch of Constantinople from
April 12, 565 until his death in 577. He is also regarded as a
saint of the
Eastern Orthodox Church.
He was born at Sirimis, in the region of Cynegia, near
Antioch. There was a flourishing college of lawyers at Antioch, where he entered and did himself credit. This was suppressed in
533 by
Justinian I. John was ordained and became agent and secretary of his church. This would bring him into touch with the court at
Constantinople. When Justinian, towards the close of his life, tried to raise the sect of the
Aphthartodocetae to the rank of orthodoxy, and determined to expel the blameless
Eutychius for his opposition, the able lawyer-ecclesiastic of Antioch, who had already distinguished himself by his great edition of the canons, was chosen to carry out the imperial will.
He was also credited for methodical classification of
Canon law, the Digest of Canon Law. Following some older work which he mentions in his preface, he abandoned the historical plan of giving the decrees of each council in order and arranged them on a philosophical principle, according to their matter. The older writers had sixty heads, but he reduced them to fifty.
To the canons of the councils of
Nicaea, Ancyra, Neocaesarea, Gangra, Antioch,
Ephesus, and
Constantinople, already collected and received in the Greek church, John added 89 "Apostolical Canons," the 21 of
Sardica, and the 68 of the canonical letter of Basil. Writing to
Photius, pope Nicholas I cites a harmony of the canons which includes those of Sardica, which could only be that of John the Lawyer. When John came to Constantinople, he edited the Nomocanon, an abridgment of his former work, with the addition of a comparison of the imperial rescripts and civil laws (especially the Novels of Justinian) under each head.
Balsamon cites this without naming the author, in his notes on the first canon of the
Trullan council of Constantinople. In a MS. of the Paris library the Nomocanon is attributed to
Theodoret, but in all others to John. Theodoret would not have inserted the "apostolical canons" and those of Sardica, and the style has no resemblance to his. In 1661 these two works were printed at the beginning of vol. ii. of the
Bibliotheca Canonica of
Justellus, at Paris. Photius (Cod. lxxv.) mentions his catechism, in which he established the Catholic teaching of the consubstantial Trinity, saying that he wrote it in 568, under
Justin II, and that it was afterwards attacked by the impious
Philoponus. Fabricius considers that the Digest or Harmony and the Nomocanon are probably rightly assigned to John the Lawyer.
Little is known of his episcopal career. Seven months after his appointment Justinian died. The new emperor,
Justin II, was crowned by the patriarch, November 14, 565.
He organized a compromise between the Chalcedonians and
Monophysites in
567, and temporarily reunited the two sects in
571 until the Monophysites rejected the doctrines of the
Council of Chalcedon once more later that year.
John died shortly before Justin in 577.
Fabricius, xi. 101, xii. 146, 193, 201, 209;
Evagr. H. E. iv. 38, v. 13,
Patr. Gk. lxxxvi. pt. 2;
Theoph. Chronogr. 204, etc., Patr. Gk. cviii.;
Niceph. Callist. iii. 455, Patr. Gk. cxlvii.; Victor Tunun.
Patr. Lat. lxviii. 937;
Baronius, ad. ann. 564, xiv. xxix.; 565, xvii.; 578, 5; Patr. Constant. in
Acta SS. Bolland. Aug. i. p. * 67.
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