Eugène François Vidocq (
July 23, 1775 –
May 11, 1857) was a
French criminal who later became the first director of
Sûreté Nationale and one of the first modern
private investigators. Vidocq was
Victor Hugo's inspiration for both reformed criminal
Jean Valjean and his pursuer, police inspector
Javert, in the novel
Les Misérables.
Most of the information about Vidocq's early life comes from his
ghost-written biography. According to it, Vidocq was born in
Arras, France in
July 23, 1775. His father was a baker.
At the age of 14, he apparently accidentally killed his
fencing instructor and decided to skip town. He planned to sail to
the Americas, but lost his
money to an unscrupulous
actress. He ended up joining the
Bourbon Regiment a year later.
He was not a model
soldier. He later claimed that he fought 15
duels and received numerous reprimands. Even during the war against
Austria, he continued dueling, although he also rose to a rank of
grenadier corporal. In
1792, when a
sergeant major refused a duel with him, he hit him. Striking a superior officer could have led to a death sentence so he deserted and moved back to Arras.
The
French Revolution was proceeding. Vidocq claimed that he saved two noblewomen from the
guillotine in Arras, but was captured and was possibly threatened with execution himself. His father rescued him out by asking the Chevalier family for help. Vidocq became enamoured of their daughter Louise and married her when she claimed falsely that she was pregnant. When he found out that Louise was having an affair with an officer, he left for
Brussels. He acquired a false passport with the name of Rousseau. In Belgium, he courted an older baroness and joined a band of raiders. He left later with a parting gift of 15,000 gold francs.
Vidocq moved to
Paris, where he squandered all his money on loose women. He became a bandit and was arrested many times,
but always managed to escape. Once, he tried to forge a pardon for a cellmate sentenced to death. He also dabbled in
smuggling.
When he gave himself up to clear the name of a guard, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years of hard labor. He was transferred to
Brest to labor in the
galleys, but he escaped again, this time using a disguise.
In
1798, he moved to the
Netherlands and for some time worked for
privateer Fromentin raiding English shipping.
In
Ostend, he was arrested again and sent to
Toulon prison, guarded strictly. He escaped with the help of a friendly convict.
He returned to Arras in hiding. The year was
1800.
In
1801, he became a paramour of the daughter of a town warden while pretending to be an Austrian. When the constabulary closed in, they moved to
Rouen. They lived there for two years until they were found again. He then moved to
Boulogne, ending up in another privateering vessel fighting English ships.
A fellow sailor recognized Vidocq and informed the authorities in Boulogne. He was sent to prison in
Douai.
In Douai, Procurator-General Ransom convinced Vidocq to appeal for a re-trial. He waited five months – during which time Louise Chevalier sent word she was divorcing him – and escaped again. Vidocq tried to make a living as a
merchant in
Faubourg Sant-Denis, but a year later, he was again behind bars for some time. His attempt to become a school teacher failed when he was driven out of the village for having inappropriate liaisons with his older female students.
In May,
1809 Vidocq offered his services as a police spy to the Paris police in exchange for an
amnesty. Inspector Henry challenged him to escape from his guards and come to him to prove his honesty. He did.
Vidocq began as an
informer who listened to prisoners talking amongst themselves in
La Force prison. Twenty months later, the police arranged his "escape" so he could work as an informant on the outside. Officially, he remained at large. When criminals eventually begun to suspect him, he used disguises and assumed other identities to continue his work and throw off suspicion. At one point, he was recruited to kill himself.
Finally, Vidocq suggested the formation of a plainclothes unit, the
Brigade de Sûreté (
Security Brigade) (that later became the
Sûreté Nationale), which was done during 1812.
He commanded as many as 12 detectives, many of them ex-criminals like himself. During
1814, at the beginning of the
French Restoration, Vidocq and the Sûreté tried to contain the situation in Paris. He also arrested those who tried to exploit the post-revolutionary situation by claiming to have been
aristocrats.
During
1817, he was involved with 811 arrests, including those of 15
assassins and 38
fences. By 1820 his activities had decreased the crime of Paris substantually.
His annual income was 5,000 francs, but he also worked as a private investigator for a fee.
1820 Vidocq married Jeanne-Victoire Guerin who died only four years later. Vidocq's mother who was living with them died six weeks later. Her requiem was performed in
Notre Dame Cathedral. He married Fleuride Maniez sometime in
1830. Still, he maintained a reputation as a philanderer.
In
1824, following his coronation,
Charles X of France turned the police force into a political weapon against dissenters and would-be rebels. Vidocq came under observation, suspected of
Bonapartist sympathies due to his acquaintances. When a new superior, Duplessis, complained about an apparently trivial matter, he resigned. In
1830, Duplessis' replacement Henri-Joséphe Gisquet reinstalled him.
That same year, Charles X's abdication and the rule of a new monarch
Louis Phillipe caused more insecurity and therefore more work for the police. An additional problem was the
1832 cholera outbreak and a revolt that erupted on
June 5. Vidocq's Surete arrested dozens of rioters.
Not all the police approved of his methods, and rivalries developed. During
1832 he was obliged to resign because of a charge that he instigated a crime through an intermediary for the sole purpose of getting credit for solving it. According to
Samuel Edwards’ The Vidocq Dossier (1977), there was a police regulation implemented around the time of Vidocq’s resignation.
It forbade the police from employing ex-convicts as officers.
He set up a paper manufacturing and printing company in
Saint-Mandé (again hiring ex-criminals to work for him).
The first books he intended to publish were his memoirs. In
1828 –
1829 Vidocq had procured the services of L.F. L'Héritier de l'Ain to ghostwrite his memoirs. However, many historians consider that L'Héritier took lots of liberties with the facts. Vidocq himself seemed to agree, for he authorized only the first two of a total of four volumes. The book was still a success worldwide.
In
1833, he founded the first known
private detective agency,
Le bureau des renseignments (
Office of Intelligence) and, again, hired ex-
cons. Official law enforcement personnel tried many times to end it. In
1842, police arrested him on suspicion of unlawful imprisonment and taking money on false pretenses after he had solved an
embezzling case. Vidocq later suspected that it had been a set-up. He was sentenced to five years imprisonment and a fine of 3,000 francs, but the
Court of Appeals released him.
During his last years, he wrote novels based on his criminal experiences. Some historians believe that he was helped by his friend
Honoré de Balzac.
When his wife Fleuride died in September,
1847, he retired and closed his agency, though he still occasionally worked for
Department for the Interior under
Louis-Napoleon of France.
In April
1857, Vidocq became paralyzed in his home in the
Marais district in
Paris. He died on
May 11 in his bed. His funeral was the next day in the
Saint-Denis du Saint-Sacrement church.
Vidocq is credited with having introduced record-keeping, criminology and
ballistics to
criminal investigation.
He made the first
plaster casts of shoe impressions. He created
indelible ink and
unalterable bond paper with his printing company. His form of
anthropometrics is still partially used by French police. He is also credited for
philanthropic pursuits – he claimed he never informed on anyone who had stolen for real need. The
Vidocq Society claims to follow his example.
Vidocq was
Émile Gaboriau's inspiration for his fictional detective
Monsieur Lecoq, one of the first scientific and methodical investigators. He was also the model for Jacques Collin (a.k.a. Vautrin), a recurring character in several novels of Balzac.
rss feed