James Black (
1800-1872) was the creator of the original
Bowie knife designed by
Jim Bowie.
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James Black was born in
Hackensack, New Jersey on
1 May 1800. James' mother died when he was very young and he had difficulty getting along with his step-mother. Black ran away from home to
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at age 8 and was apprenticed to a
silversmith. At age 18 he migrated westward and took jobs on the
Ohio and
Mississippi rivers. About
1820 Black spent some time at
Bayou Sara in
Louisiana working as a ferryman and as a steamboat deckhand on the
Red River which took him upstream to
Fulton, Arkansas. Black left the boat and settled at a crossroads 14 miles northeast of Fulton that would later become
Washington, Arkansas and Black's permanent home.
During his travels, Black had befriended Elijah Stuart. Stuart opened a tavern at Washington and Black was hired by a local
blacksmith named William Shaw. Black, due to his previous training, worked on firearms and knives while Shaw concentrated on horse shoes, wagon wheels, and the like. Black would later become a partner in the business with Shaw. Stuart's tavern would become famous as the place where
Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, and
William B. Travis created the plan for an independent Texas and Black would go on to create some of the world's finest knives.
Black fell in love with his partner's daughter, Anne Shaw, and was forced out of the partnership when Shaw would not allow the marriage. Backed by the note he had received from the dissolved partnership Black purchased some land along the
Cossatot River and established a blacksmith's shop, dam, and mill.
Black's endeavor came to an end when he was thrown off of his land. Local officials claimed that the land was Indian treaty land and that Black could not legally inhabit it. Black then discovered that the note he had received from William Shaw for his share of the partnership was actually worthless. Black set up his own blacksmithy in competition with Shaw's and married Shaw's daughter in
1828 despite Shaw's objections and also convinced Shaw's son to join him in his business. Black was soon recognized as the best blacksmith in the area which had a bad effect on his father-in-law's competing shop.
Black and his wife had three sons and a daughter during this period. William Jefferson in
1829, Grandison Deroyston in
1830, Sarah Jane in
1832, John Colbert in
1834, and Sydinham James in
1835. Black became a respected member of the community and served in local government posts.
In
1830, Black made the famous
Bowie knife for Jim Bowie. Bowie was already famous for knife-fighting from his
1827 sandbar duel. But his killing of three assassins in Texas and his death at the
Battle of the Alamo made him, and Black's knife, legends.
After Bowie's death in
1836, Black did a brisk business selling his knives to pioneers bound for Texas. Everyone seemed to want "Jim Bowie's knife". Black forged his knives behind a leather curtain and kept his process a secret. Black's knives were known to be exceedingly tough yet flexible. Many claimed that Black had rediscovered the process to make
Damascus steel.
In
1838, Black's wife Anne died and in
1839, while Black was in bed from an illness, his father-in-law Shaw broke into Black's house and brutally attacked him with a club. Black's life was saved by the family dog. Black survived but his eyes were severely damaged by the attack.
Black went north to seek medical advice where his eyes were further damaged by the inept ministrations of a
Cincinnati, Ohio, physician. When Black returned to Arkansas he discovered that his father-in-law had sold his business and property illegally and disappeared with the cash.
Black lived on a local plantation for a couple of years until Dr. Isaac Newton Jones took him into his home. Black lived with the Jones family for the next 30 years. Black attempted to pass on his knife-making secrets to
Daniel Webster Jones but could not remember the technique. Jones would later become Governor of Arkansas.
James Black died on
22 June 1872 in
Washington, Arkansas.
Black's shop has been recreated as part of the
Old Washington Historic State Park. Old Washington is the headquarters of the
American Bladesmith Society and they maintain a knife-making college at the site.
Black's knives are exceedingly rare and are prized by collectors. Several examples of Black's knives are on display at the
Historic Arkansas Museum as part of the
American Bladesmith Society collection.
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