Ahmed Shawqi (1868 - 1932) (''''''); Egyptian poet and dramatist who pioneered the modern Arabic literary movement, most notably introducing the genre of poetic epics to the Arabic literary tradition. Shawqi also produced distinctive poetry that is widely considered to be the most prominent of the 20th century Arabic literary movement.

Raised in a privileged setting, his family was prominent and well-connected with the court of the Khedive of Egypt. Upon graduating from high school, he attended law school, obtaining a degree in translation. Shawqi was then offered a job in the court of the Khedive Abbas II, which he immediately accepted.

After a year working in the court of the Khedive, Shawqi was sent to continue his studies in Law at the Universities of Montpellier and Paris for three years. While in France, he was heavily influenced by the works of French playwrights, most notably Molière and Racine.

He returned to Egypt in 1894, and remained a prominent member of Arab literary culture until the British forced him into exile in southern Spain, Andalusia, in 1914. Shawqi remained there until 1920, when he returned to Egypt. In 1927 he was crowned by his peers Amir al- Sho’araa’ (literally: the Prince of Poets) in recognition of his considerable contributions to the literary field.

Shawqi’s work can be categorized into three main periods during his career: *The first coincides with the period during which he occupied a position at the court of the Khedive, consisting of eulogies to the Khedive: praising him or supporting his policy. *The second comprised the period of his exile in Spain. During this period, his feeling of nostalgia and sense of alienation directed his poetic talent to patriotic poems on Egypt as well as the Arab world. *The third stage occurred after his return from exile: during that period he became preoccupied with the glorious history of Ancient Egypt and Islam. This was the period during which he wrote his religious poems, in praise of the Prophet Muhammad. The maturation of his poetic style was also reflected in his plays, the most notable of which were published during this period.



;Plays Shawqi was the first in Arabic literature to write poetic plays. He wrote five tragedies: * Majnun Laila (literally: the Crazy about Laila), his first play. * The Death of Cleopatra, his most famous play. * 'Antara * Ali bek al-Kabeer * Qambeez

:and two comedies: * As-Set Huda (literally: Madam Huda) * Al-Bakhila (literally: the Miser)

:in addition to a prose play: the Princess of Andalusia.

;Poetry * Ash-Shawqiyyat, his selected works, in four volumes, including Nahj al-Burda, a tribute to the Prophet Muhammed * A long poem about the History of Islam, named The States of Arabs and the Great Men of Islam.

;Prose Shawqi wrote several ill-written novels. A few survived. He also wrote chapters of prose, as he called them, about several and unrelated subjects, and collected them under the title: the Markets of Gold.

* Glimpses of Ahmed Shawqi’s Life and Works, Egypt Magazine, Issue No. 19-Fall 1999.

* Ahmed Shawqi Museum in Cairo. * Monument to Shawqi in Villa Borghese, Rome.

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