Richard Gardiner Casey, Baron Casey, KG, GCMG, CH, DSO, MC, PC (29 August 1890 - 17 June 1976) was an Australian politician and diplomat and 16th Governor-General of Australia

Casey was born in Brisbane, Queensland. His father, also named Richard Gardiner Casey, was a wealthy pastoralist and Queensland state politician of Irish descent. His mother, Evelyn, was the daughter of George Harris, another wealthy pastoralist and Queensland state politician. His father moved the family to Melbourne in 1893 and became a rich company director. Casey was educated at Cumloden School St Kilda and Melbourne Grammar. He enrolled for first year engineering at the University of Melbourne in 1909, but then travelled to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he completed a Bachelor of Arts in 1913, graduating with second-class honours in the mechanical sciences tripos and a Master of Arts in 1918.

At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Casey joined the First Australian Imperial Force as a lieutenant, and served at Gallipoli as aide-de-camp to Major General Sir William Bridges. Casey was standing next to Bridges when Bridges was killed by a sniper. Later he served in France, where he observed operations and sifted information, earning the Military Cross and promotion to brigade major of the 8th Brigade. This position involved dangerous visits to the frontline and he received a DSO in 1918. He resigned his commission in June 1919 and transferred to the Reserve of Officers, serving as a part-time intelligence officer in Mellbourne.

Casey's father died in 1919 and he returned after the war to Melbourne to take over his father's business interests including engineering and mining firms until 1924, when Prime Minister Stanley Bruce appointed him his political liaison officer in London, a position he held until 1931, sending home confidential reports on political and economic matters, both for Bruce and for his Labor successor, James Scullin. In 1926 he married Ethel Marian Sumner (Maie) Ryan, with whom he had two children.

In 1931 Casey returned to Australia and was elected to the House of Representatives as UAP MP for the Geelong-based seat of Corio. Prime Minister Joseph Lyons appointed him an assistant minister in 1933, and in 1935 he became Treasurer.

In 1939 Robert Menzies became Prime Minister for the first time. He saw Casey as a rival, and moved him to the lesser portfolio of Supply and Development. In 1940 Menzies appointed Casey as the first Australian Ambassador to the United States. This was a vital posting in wartime, but it also served to get Casey out of domestic politics. Casey was in Washington when the United States entered the war, and played an important role in establishing the alliance between the United States and Australia.

Casey moved to Cairo in 1942 when Winston Churchill appointed him Minister Resident in the Middle East to the annoyance of Prime Minister John Curtin and some in the British Foreign Office. In this role he played a key role in negotiating between the British and Allied governments, local leaders and the Allied commanders in the field. In 1944, when the Middle East ceased to be a military theatre, the British government appointed Casey Governor of Bengal, a province of India. Casey held this post until 1946.

In 1946 Casey returned to Australia in the hope of being elected to parliament in the 1946 election and becoming the leader of the new Liberal Party that Menzies had formed in 1944, as part of his reorganisation of conservative politics in Australia. Casey had turned down the offer of a British peerage to preserve his political chances. However, he was too late to organise his pre-selection for a seat. He was persuaded to become Federal President of the Liberal Party in September 1947 and proved to be a very effective fund raiser, partly as a result of his past social and business connections. Although Menzies still saw Casey as a rival, and although Casey undoubtedly saw himself as a future Prime Minister, they formed an effective partnership.

The Liberals won the 1949 election, and Casey returned to the House of Representatives as MP for the outer Melbourne seat of La Trobe. Menzies appointed him Minister for Supply and Development. In 1951, when the Minister for External Affairs, Percy Spender (another Menzies rival), was dispatched to the Washington embassy, Casey succeeded him. Casey held the External Affairs post during the height of the Cold War, the Suez Crisis, the war in Indo-China and other major world events. He formed close relations with Anthony Eden, John Foster Dulles and other leaders. Casey was also Minister in charge of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation from March 1950 to his retirement and he was committed to its success.

Casey retired in 1960 and took up his new position in the British House of Lords. He was appointed to the executive of the CSIRO in 1960.

In 1965 Menzies appointed Casey Governor-General - the first time a conservative Prime Minister had appointed an Australian to the post. One of the arguments against appointing an Australian, particularly a former politician, as Governor-General had always been that they would be too closely involved with Australian personalities and issues to perform their constitutional role impartially. This became an acute issue for Casey in December 1967, when Prime Minister Harold Holt died. Casey could have commissioned the Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party, William McMahon, as acting Prime Minister, but instead he commissioned John McEwen, the leader of Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party. In this he was following a precedent set in 1939, when Earle Page was commissioned as Prime Minister following the death of Joseph Lyons. But it was later alleged that Casey commissioned McEwen in order to prevent McMahon having an advantage in the Liberal Party's ballot for a new leader, since he shared the view of some Liberals that McMahon would not be a suitable successor. This matter was aired in a 1969 book, The Power Struggle, by veteran political journalist Alan Reid. Casey's biographer, W.J. Hudson says (in his 1986 book Casey) that Casey was concerned to preserve the Liberal-Country Party coalition, and that he knew (because McEwen told him) that the Country Party would not serve under McMahon. If this was his motive for commissioning McEwen rather than McMahon, it suggests that he did take political considerations into account in making his decision.

Casey left office in 1969 and he and his wife retired to their farm at Berwick in Victoria. Casey never fully recovered from a car accident in 1974, and died in June 1976, survived by his wife, daughter and son.

Casey received a Military Cross, a DSO and was twice mentioned in dispatches during World War I. He was appointed a Companion of Honour in 1944, GCMG in 1965, and KG in 1969. In 1960, he was created "Baron Casey, of Berwick in the State of Victoria and the Commonwealth of Australia, and of the City of Westminister", becoming the third and last Australian politician (after Sir John Forrest and Bruce) to be elevated to the House of Lords (although Forrest never took his seat).

The municipality which includes Berwick is now called the City of Casey. There is also federal Electoral Division of Casey (in a different part of Melbourne). The Canberra suburb of Casey and Casey Station, a base in the Australian Antarctic Territory, were named in Casey's honour. The R.G. Casey Building in Canberra is the headquarters of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

* *