Cairoli was born at
Pavia, Lombardy.
From 1848 until the completion of Italian unity in
1870, his whole activity was devoted to the
Risorgimento, as
Garibaldian officer, political refugee, anti-Austrian conspirator and deputy to parliament. He commanded a volunteer company under Garibaldi in 1859 and 1860, being wounded slightly at
Calatafimi and severely at
Palermo in the latter year. In 1866, with the rank of colonel, he assisted Garibaldi in
Tirol, in 1867 fought at
Mentana, and in 1870 conducted the negotiations with
Bismarck, during which the German chancellor is alleged to have promised Italy possession of
Rome and of her natural frontiers if the Democratic party could prevent an alliance between
Victor Emmanuel and
Napoleon.
The prestige personally acquired by Benedetto Cairoli was augmented by that of his four brothers, who fell during the wars of the
Risorgimento, and by the heroic conduct of their mother. His refusal of all compensation or distinction further endeared him to the Italian people. When in 1876 the Left came into power, Cairoli, then a deputy of sixteen years standing, became parliamentary leader of his party, and, after the fall of
Depretis, Nicotera and
Crispi, formed his first cabinet in March 1878 with a Francophile and
Irredentist policy.
After his marriage with the countess Elena Sizeo of Trent, he permitted the Irredentist agitation to carry the country to the verge of a war with Austria. General irritation was caused by his and
Count Corti's policy of clean hands at the Berlin Congress, where Italy obtained nothing, while
Austria-Hungary secured a European mandate to occupy
Bosnia and Herzegovina. A few months later the attempt of
Passanante to assassinate
King Humbert at Naples (
December 12, 1878) caused his downfall, in spite of the courage displayed and the severe wound received by him in protecting the king's person on that occasion.
On
July 3, 1879 Cairoli returned to power, and in the following November formed with Depretis a coalition ministry, in which he retained the premiership and the foreign office. Confidence in French assurances, and belief that
Britain would never permit the extension of French influence in
North Africa, prevented him from foreseeing the French occupation of
Tunis (
May 11, 1881). In view of popular indignation he resigned in order to avoid making inopportune declarations to the chamber.
Thenceforward he practically disappeared from political life. In
1887 he received the knighthood of the Annunziata, the highest Italian decoration, and on
August 8, 1889 died while a guest of King Umberto in the royal palace of
Capodimonte near Naples.
Cairoli was one of the most conspicuous representatives of that type of Italian public men who, having conspired and fought for a generation in the cause of national unity, were despite their valour little fitted for the responsible parliamentary and official positions they subsequently attained; and who by their ignorance of foreign affairs and of internal administration unwittingly impeded the political development of their country.
Cairoli, Benedetto
Cairoli, Benedetto
Cairoli, Benedetto
Cairoli, Benedetto
Cairoli
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